Complete business studies for Cambridge IGCSE & O Level / created by Brian Titley.

Includes an index

Introduction
Physical chemistry (1. Patterns in chemistry [An introduction to chemistry ; Elements: the search for patterns ; Mendeleyev's periodic table ; The modern periodic table] ; 2. The nuclear atom [Ideas about atoms ; The discovery of the atom ; The nucleus and protons ; The nucleus and neutrons] ; 3. Masses of atoms and the mole [Finding the masses of atoms ; The mass spectrometer ; The mole ; Finding molar masses] ; 4. Electrons in atoms [Using light to find out about atoms ; The hydrogen spectrum and shells ; The sodium spectrum and subshells ; Wave mechanics ; Visualising atomic orbitals ; Atoms with more than one electron ; Electronic structure and the periodic table ; More evidence for shells and subshells: ionization energies ; Solving the Schrödinger equation ] ; 5. Chemical bonding [Bonding revision ; Lewis structures for covalent molecules 1 ; Lewis structures for covalent molecules 2 ; The shapes of molecules 1 ; The shapes of molecules 2 ; Molecular orbital theory 1 ; Molecular orbital theory 2 ; Bond polarity 1 ; Bond polarity 2 ; Ionic bonding revisited ; Covalent or ionic bonds? ] ; 6. Solids [Metallic soluids: bonding and properties ; Ionic solids: bonding and properties ; Giant covalent solids ; Delocalization ; Metallic solids: structures ; Ionic solids: structures ; More about crystal structures] ; 7. Changes of state and intermolecular forces [States of matter ; Changes of state and the forces between particles ; Polar molecules and dipole-dipole forces ; Dispersion forces ; Hydrogen bonding ; Further effects of intermolecular forces ; Phase diagrams] ; 8. Gases [Gases: three basic idaes ; Ideal gases ; Molar volume of an ideal gas ; The movement of gas molecules ; Real gases] ; 9. Reacting masses and volumes [Calculating masses involved in reactions; Furthjer mass-to-mass calculations ; Finding empirical formulae ; Calculations involving gases ; Solution concentrations ; Using titration to measure concentration ; Acid-base titration calculations] ; 10. Thermochemistry [Chemical reactions and energy ; Enthalpy changes ; Enthalpy changes examined in detail ; Calorimeters measuring enthalpy changes ; Stnadard enthalpy changes and Hess's law ; Hess's law examples ; Some important enthalpy changes ; Born-Haber cycles ; Bond enthalpy ; Bond enthalpries and bonding] ; 11. Chemical equilibrium [The nature of dynamic equilibrium 1 ; The nature of dynamic equilibrium 2 ; Le Chatelier's principle 1 ; Le Chatelier's principle 2 ; The equilibrium constant K [subscript c] ; An experimental determination of K [subscript c] ; The equilibrium constant and yield ; Gas mixtures and the equilibrium constant K [subscript p] ; Heterogeneous equilibria ; Solubility producst and precipitates] ; 12. Acid-base equilibrium [Acids and bases and their properties ; Acids and bases and proton transfer ; Aqueous hydrogen ion concentration and pH ; Strong acids ; Weak acids ; Strong bases ; Weak bases ; Acid-base titrations 1 ; Acid-base titrations 2; Buffer solutions ; Buffer solutions: calculations ; Lewis acids and bases] ; 13. Redox equilibrium RedoX; oxidation and reduction ; Oxidation numbers 1 ; Oxidation numbers 2 ; Redox reactions and titrations ; Oxidants and reductions ; Redox and electrochemical cells ; Standard electrode potentials 1 ; Standard electrode potentials 2 ; Non-standard conditiosn ; Using redox reactions: galvanic cells ; using redox reactions: electrolytic cells ; Rusting ; Principles of metal extraction] ; 14. Spontaneous change towards equilibrium [Spontaneity and spreading ; Entriopy 1 ; Entropy 2 ; Standard Gibbs enery change ; Gibbs energy and chemical equilibrium ; Gibbs energy and metal extraction] ; 15. Chemical kinetics [Reaction rate ; Some practical technques ; Instantaneous reaction rate ; Reaction rate and collisiontheory ; Rate equations and order of reaction ; Using order to find reaction mechanisms ; Using calculus to find order ; Activation energy and the Arrhenius equation ; Catalysis ; Heterogeneous catalysis ; Homeogeneous catalysis]) Inorganic chemistry (16. The s-block elements [Group I and Group II mertals: an overview ; Some group trends ; Ractions with water and oxygen ; The s-block oxides and hydroxides ; The s-block halides ; Carbonates and hydrogencarbonates ; The s-block nitrates and sulphates ; Anomalous behavior of lithium and beryllium ; The s-block elements: flame tests and living systems] ; 17. Trends across a period [Period 3: sodium to argon ; Melting points, bonding, and structure ; Effects of atomic oxygen ; Acid-base character of the oxides ; The oxoacids ; The chlorides of Period 3 ; The hydrides: from ionic to covalent] ; 18. The halogens [Group VII elements: an overview ; Manufacture and uses ; Halogens and halides: redox behaviour ; Halogens in solution ; The hydrogen halides ; Some ionic halides] ; 19. The p-block elements [The p-block elements to be studied ; Group III: boron and aluminium ; Group III: the acidity of aluminium compounds ; Group IV: carbon to lead ; Group IV: the chemistry of the elements 1 ; Group IV: the chemistry of the elements 2 ; Group V: nitrogen and phosphorus 1 ; Group V: nitrogen and phosphorus 2 ; Three important industrial processes ; Group VI: oxygen and sulphur 1 ; Group VI: oxygen and sulphur 2 ; Group VIII: the noble gases] ; 20. The transition metals [The elements titanium to copper ; Iron and steel ; Manufacture and uses of four transition metals ; Variable oxidation states 1 ; Variable oxidation states 2 ; Catalytic activity ; Transition metal complexes: key facts ; Transition metal complexes: some reactions ; Isomerism in transition metal complexes ; Other reactions of complex ions ; Coloured ions]) Organic chemistry (21. Introduction to organic chemistry [Organic chemistry and the carbon atom ; Organic molecules ; Structural isomerism ; Functional groups ; The reactions of organic compounds 1 ; The reactions of organic compounds 2] ; 22. Alkanes and alkenes [The oil industry: fractionation ; Fractional distillation and Raoult's law ; The oil industry: cracking ; The alkanes ; Pluses and minuses of combustion ; Bonding in alkenes ; Alkenes and addition 1 ; Alkenes and addition 2 ; Converting alkenes to alcohols ; The polymerization of ethene ; The mechanism of polymerization ; Bonding in methane] ; 23. Arenes [The unique character of benzene ; Halogenation of arenes ; Nitration and nitrobenzene ; The effect of an existing functional group ; The Friedel-Crafts reaction ; Sulphonation of benzene] ; 24. Organic halogen compounds [Polar carbon-halogen bonds ; Reactions with hydroxide, cyanide, and ammonia ; Rates and reaction mechanisms ; Elimination reactions and uses of halogeno compounds] ; 25. Alcohols [An introduction to alcohols ; Polarity in alcohols ; Primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols and dehydration ; Oxidation of alcohols ; Phenols and ethers ; Alcohols with more than one -OH group] ; 26. Aldehydes and ketones [Introduction to the carbonyl group ; Reduction of aldehydes and ketones ; Condensation reactions ; Oxidation of aldehydes ; Some worked examples from analysis ; The triiodomethane (iodoform) reaction] ; 27. Carboxylic acids and their derivatives [An introduction to carboxylic acids ; Acyl chlorides and acylation ; Esters 1 ; Esters 2 ; Amides ; Condensation polymerization: polyesters ; Condensation polymerization: polyamides ; Reduction of acid derivatives] ; 28. Amines and amino acids [Organic nitrogen compounds ; Aliphatic amines ; Aromatic amines ; Phenylamine and diazotization ; Amino acids ; Amino acids and optical activity ; Some advanced ideas] ; 29. Organic synthesis: changing the carbon skeleton [The synthesis of ibuprofen ; Grignard reagents and other organometallics ; The Diels-Alder reaction ; Revisiting polymerization 1 ; Revisiting polymerization 2] ; 30. Biochemistry [Lipids ; Carbohydrates: monosaccharides ; Carbohydrates: disaccharides ; Carbohydrates: polysaccharides ; Proteins ; Enzymes 1 ; Enzymes 2 ; Nucleic acids 1 ; Nucleic acids 2; Nucleic acids 3 ; Metabolism] ; 31. Techniques of preparation, separation and identification [Using simple apparatus ; Electrophoresis ; Chromatography 1 ; Chromatography 2 ; Mass spectroscopy] ; 32. Spectroscopy and structure [Atomic spectroscopy ; Ultraviolet and visible spectroscopy ; Infrared spectroscopy 1 ; Infrared spectroscopy 2 ; Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) 1 ; Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) 2; Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) 3])

Carefully researched by the authors to bring the subject of chemistry up-to-date, this text provides complete coverage of the new A- and AS-level core specifications. The inclusion of objectives and questions make it suitable for self study