From international to federal market : the changing structure of European law / created by Robert Schütze.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Cover; From International to Federal Market; Copyright; Dedication; SUMMARY CONTENTS; CONTENTS; Table and Figures; List of Abbreviations; Introduction: Coming to Constitutional Terms; GENERAL PART International and Federal Markets; 1 International Law and Market Coordination; Introduction; I. The 'Classic' Model: The Mercantilist State and Its National Market; 1. International Law and the Mercantilist State: The Eighteenth Century; 2. A (New) Philosophy: International Trade and the 'Wealth of Nations'; 3. Free Trade Bilateralism: The (Long) Nineteenth Century A. The European Continent: The Rise (and Fall) of Free Tradeb. The United States: The Rise (and Stay) of Protectionism; 4. The Inter-​War Years: The Rise of the 'Autarkic' Commercial State; II. The 'Modern' Model: The Cooperative State in the Global Market; 1. The Rise of Institutional Trade Multilateralism: From the ITO to the WTO; a. The (Stillborn) International Trade Organization; b. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (and the World Trade Organization); 2. World Trade Today: The Structure of the 'International Market' in Goods A. Tariff Barriers: Most-​Favoured-Nation and Bound Tariffs under Articles I and II GATTb. Internal Measures: National Treatment under Article III GATT; aa. Discriminatory Taxation: Article III:2 GATT; bb. Discriminatory 'Regulatory' Measures: Article III:4 GATT; c. Non-​Tariff Border Measures: Quantitative Restrictions under Article XI GATT; d. General and Specific Exceptions to GATT Obligations; aa. Public Policy Exceptions under Article XX GATT; bb. 'Regional' Exceptions: Customs Unions (and Free Trade Areas); Conclusion; 2 American Law and Market Integration; Introduction I. Creating a Common Market: Regulatory Barriers to Trade1. The Commerce Clause: General Aspects; a. From Exclusive to Concurrent Competence; b. The Rise of the 'Dormant Commerce Clause' Doctrine; aa. From the Direct/​Indirect Test to the Excessive Burden Test; bb. Pike and the Two-​Pronged Commerce Clause Test; 2. The Commerce Clause: Special Aspects; a. Congressional Consent and the Dormant Commerce Clause; b. Alcoholic Drinks and the Twenty-​First Amendment; II. Fiscal Barriers: A Fiscal Affairs 'Exception'?; 1. Customs Duties: The Decline of the Import-​Export Clause A. The Rise and Fall of the Original Packaging Doctrineb. Teleological Reductions: From Interstate Commerce to International Commerce; 2. Fiscal Restrictions: The Rise of the (Dormant) Commerce Clause; a. Classic Doctrine: Interstate Commerce as a Tax-​Free Zone; b. Modern Doctrine: Interstate Commerce Must Pay Its Fair Share; aa. The Complete Auto Test within the Commerce Clause; bb. Fair Apportionment as a Non-​Excessive Burden Test?; Conclusion; SPECIAL PART The Changing Structure of European Law; 3 The Decline of the International Model; Introduction

What are the different market philosophies or models that shape the European Union's internal market? This work proposes three models: an international model, a federal model and a national model; and argues that the structure of the EU internal market has moved from an international to federal model